A Brief Note On Crime And Its Measurement - 1647 Words

STUDENT ID 1305397 - CRIMINOLOGY WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 2015 This question focuses on crime and its measurement which is one of the most controversial topics in modern times. There has been a lot of debates by politicians, the media and the general public whether crime is falling or rising. We shall attempt a definition of what is crime, what are crime statistics, what is known and not known about crime in England and Wales, the techniques used in measuring crime, and the evaluation of the strength and weaknesses of the different ways of measuring crime. Our final discussion will be on the reliability of the statistical data and the criminologists view or perspective of the various data sources. Crime is the study of the making of laws, the†¦show more content†¦Statistics in modern society is very vital tool for governance. Statistics are relatively large scale, which uses numeric data and statistical procedures to analyse such data and reach conclusions . The Crime Survey for England and Wales reported that in the year ending 2014, crime had fallen from the previous year. Also the current survey figures published by the Statistical bulletin for England and Wales in the year ending March, 2015 shows a 7% reduction from the previous year. The survey showed that for the offences covered, there was an estimated 6.8 million incidents of crime against households and resident adults (aged 16 and above). This showed a decrease of 7% and the lowest estimate since the CSEW began in 1981. The sources of official crime statistics in England and Wales are from police records and Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW). The police recorded crimes are report from the public, confessions from arrested offenders and through police investigations via the emergency telephone emergency system (the 999 number in UK). The police only records crimes known as notifiable offences and these are divided into ten categories, namely, burglary, robbery, hand ling stolen goods, violence against the person, criminal damage, theft, fraud and forgery. The National Crime Recording Standard requirement was that the police record a crime if the circumstances as reported amount to a crime as

Nuclear War And The Cold War Essay - 1436 Words

The vast majority of the American public know the Cold War as a period of political and state tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. This era is often associated with the advancement of scientific research and arms build up as a result of the competition between these world superpowers, especially through the development of the nuclear bomb. Aside from the actual politics of the Cold War, Joseph Masco, professor of anthropology at the University of Chicago, argues in his novel, The Theater of Operations, that the Cold War provided a psychological platform for the U.S. security state to transform everyday American’s perceptions of mass death. Through multiple government operations during the Cold War, the idea of nuclear disaster was presented as an undeniable threat to the American people, and instilled to a certain extent a sense of nuclear fear. Masco believes that the current state of mind in the counterterror state is merely just a continuation of the effects of th e Cold War’s psychological conditioning. Additionally, Masco argues that the nuclear projects during the Cold War helped initiate the advancement of earth science research. He feels that through the increased knowledge in these fields, the Cold War nuclear projects were linked to environmental concerns. Through these examples, Masco demonstrates his view on how the Cold War has influenced the U.S. cultural understanding of nuclear threats. Masco argues that the psychological efforts during the decadesShow MoreRelatedNuclear War : The Cold War1659 Words   |  7 Pages The Cold War wasn’t actually a war - but more of a tension between two countries. The United States of America and the Soviet Union were both competing for world power - and they both had access to nuclear weapons. Both sides were so scared of being the victim of a nuclear weapon that the two countries got into a race known as the Nuclear Arms Race. This race was where both sides manufactured as many ato mic weapons for war as possible, in case the other attacked. This was a very chilling time forRead MoreNuclear Weapons And The Cold War1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe development of nuclear weapons helped to end World War II, but in turn created their own war between the United States and the Soviet Union. The development of modified military missiles such as the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, or ICBM, by Americans and the Soviets, had an impact on the struggle of power of the Cold War. The importance of military involvement in the creation of modified missiles and engines were critical events of the Cold War. Additionally, the steps taken to get to spaceRead MoreThe Threat of Nuclear War Since the Cold War1986 Words   |  8 PagesThe Threat of Nuclear War Since the Cold War I partly agree and disagree with the above statement. Nuclear war was at the height of taking place in the cold war and whilst it has subsided a little since the end it has not yet completely gone. Nuclear threat is different now then it was in the Twentieth Century, to prove my views I will talk about the cold war with reference to nuclear threat and what that means today. At the end of the Second World War, the world wasRead MoreNuclear Weapons During The Cold War2117 Words   |  9 Pages Since the invention of nuclear weapons, they have presented the world with a significant danger, one that was shown in reality during the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. However, nuclear weapons have not only served in combat, but they have also played a role in keeping the world peaceful by the concept of deterrence. The usage of nuclear weapons would lead to mutual destruction and during the Cold War, nuclear weapons were necessary to maintain international security, as a means of deterrenceRead MoreEssay about Nuclear Power and the Cold War1094 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War is famous not only for its long engagement between the two super powers, the U.S. and the Soviet Union, but also because of the heightened physical tension that nuclear power brought to the global stage. Winning the war at the cost of human annihilation was not abnormal political conversation, and from the 1940s onward, fear of global destruction became a daily concern (Granieri, 2011). The circumstance s of the Cold War made it different than previous international conflicts becauseRead MoreNuclear Weapons During The Cold War Era Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagesuse of nuclear weapons in 1945 changed not only warfare, but how countries approach warfare as a whole. As Andrew Heywood notes in his book, Global Politics, says that there’s a tendency â€Å"for any weapons to proliferate† or spread. With that knowledge it should be assumed that many nations would want to obtain nuclear weapons after seeing what the power that they hold. A state being in possession of a nuclear weapon can deter potential enemies and make them a power on the global scale. The Cold War eraRead MoreNuclear And Biological Warfare During The Cold War2228 Words   |  9 PagesThroughout the Cold War, the United States Government purposely risked the lives of American citizens by funding and performing hundreds of nonconsensual experiments on humans. Such experiments ranged from injections of pluto nium into citizens’ bloodstream to releasing harmful bacteria over the city of San Francisco. Motivated by the threat of nuclear and biological warfare from the Soviet Union, these experiments were performed to gain a scientific superiority over the USSR and protect citizensRead MoreEssay on The end of the Cold War, the Begining of the Nuclear Power805 Words   |  4 Pagesthe atomic power shifted culture and consciousness of the people. The likelihood of a nuclear war was close, but far; this possibility was a terrifying suddenness. The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki clearly portrayed the power of only two atomic bombs. The attack completely obliterated the two cities and killed millions of people. Although Japan’s surrender contributed to the Allies’ victory during World War II, the effects of the bomb were unforgettable. The use of these bombs also created controversyRead MoreIs Nuclear War More Or Less Likely During The Post Cold War Era?1956 Words    |  8 Pages1. Is nuclear war more or less likely in the post-Cold War era? Nazi Germany fell from power in the later 1930’s, it drew a line in the political agenda between those with remaining power and those that fought and lost the right. This left countries such as the United States and Russia having many economic and political differences with no choice but to solve their problems through civil conflict. Communist ideals were still fighting for existence and the struggle for political change within RussianRead MoreTheoretical Background for Nuclear Proliferation in the Cold War Era2555 Words   |  10 PagesTHEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION Cold War Era If one were to believe that an official written history of North Korea during the past few years, the political developments in North Korea after 1945 and until the date entire communist movement seem to have been relatively simple. In 1948, in the result of nuclear bombs crashed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a requirement for non-proliferation of nuclear weapons appeared based on their frightening critical power. The U.S, Canada, and

Holistic Reward Strategy to Retain Employees Samples for Students

Question: Write a Literature Review on Adopting a Holistic Reward Strategy to Retain Employees. Answer: Literature Review In this era of globalization, organizations have realized the importance of employee retention. Today, organizations have expanded in different parts of the world and they fight together to get the best talent from the market. In fact, hiring the best talent from the market is just one part of the problem. The important or the key thing for organizations is to retain the employees (Suttapong Srimai, 2014). It is important that the organizations must have a holistic and comprehensive reward strategy in place. The employee retention would be high only when employees remain motivated. Some of the issues current day organization is facing is that all the departments are working in Silos with their individual objectives and there is often lack of synchronization between them and it results in excessive raw material or excessive food item and sometimes organization is also not able to fulfill the demand.In this case, motivation of employees is the key as motivation is directly linked to the productivity level of employees (Smit Stanz, 2015). Gilley Gilley (2015) argued that holistic reward strategy for organizations is one that focused on various aspects. The financial remuneration or the salary is just one aspect of reward system. It is important that organizations must look for other aspects also. There are four pillars of holistic reward strategy. These are compensation, work environment, performance or recognition, and benefits. It would be correct to say that the monetary compensation is the most important aspect of reward strategy. The component of compensation would include, the basic pay, the variable pay and the incentives. The compensation given by the organizations should be more than the industry average if they want to retain the employees. It is important that employees should be satisfied with their current compensation structure. The variable component of the salary should be offered based on the performance of the employees and not on the basis of tenure. Taneja Sewell (2015) argued that the workplace environment should be challenging for employees. The employees should feel that they are adding value to organizational growth and development. The employees should get a platform to feel new challenges at workplace every day. The bottom line is that the employees should not get bored with their work and organization. Another critical thing of workplace environment is autonomy. It is suggested that organizations and leaders should create a flexible and open culture. For example, flexible working hours, work from home, etc. facilities should be provided to employees to retain the best talent from the industry. Yadav Saxena (2015) argued that in an organizational setting, employees must have a clarity of their goals and objectives. In fact, employees would be able to perform better only when they understand their expectations. It can happen only with an effective performance management system is in place. The performance management system must focus on continuous reinforcement for employees and non-cash rewards. It is important that the high-performing employees should be recognized among the masses. The benefit is the last pillar of a holistic reward strategy. It is the last pillar, yet an important pillar. The things under this pillar would include the benefits like health care benefits, insurance benefits, retirement benefits, etc. It is important that the organizations should create a balance of various benefits being offered to employees. With the benefits like pension plan and retirement plan employees are able to think from the long-term perspective and it increases the chances of employees remaining stick to the same company. It is suggested that the health benefits given to employees should also cover their immediate family members (Bellou Chaniotakis, 2015). It is recommended that the organizations must target to develop and implement the strategies that can increase the motivation level of employees. All the discussion leads to one thing that motivation level of employees could be the key lever of employee retention. Therefore, steps must be taken to increase employee motivation (Pereira Malik, 2015). At the same time, the senior leaders of the organization should work to bring cultural changes in the organization to establish an inclusive and open culture based on trust, respect and freedom for employees. With the above discussion, it can be said that retention of employees is a challenge for organizations and leaders. The steps should be taken to increase the retention level of employees. It can happen only when organizations have strategy in place to keep employees motivated and committed. References Bellou, V., Chaniotakis, I., Kehagias, I. and Rigopoulou, I., 2015. Employer Brand of Choice: an employee perspective.Journal of Business Economics and Management,16(6), pp.1201-1215. Gilley, J.W., Gilley, A.M., Jackson, S.A. and Lawrence, H., 2015. Managerial practices and organizational conditions that encourage employee growth and development.Performance Improvement Quarterly,28(3), pp.71-93. Pereira, V., Malik, A. and Sharma, K., 2015. Colliding Employer?Employee Perspectives of Employee Turnover: Evidence from a Born?Global Industry.Thunderbird International Business Review. Smit, W., Stanz, K. and Bussin, M., 2015. Retention preferences and the relationship between total rewards, perceived organisational support and perceived supervisor support: original research.SA Journal of Human Resource Management,13(1), pp.1-13 Suttapong, K., Srimai, S. and Pitchayadol, P., 2014. Best practices for building high performance in human resource management.Global Business and Organizational Excellence,33(2), pp.39-50. Taneja, S., Sewell, S.S. and Odom, R.Y., 2015. A culture of employee engagement: A strategic perspective for global managers.Journal of Business Strategy,36(3), pp.46-56. Yadav, P. and Saxena, S., 2015. Interrelationship among Employee Retention Strategies Adopted by Corporate Sector: An Empirical Study.International Journal of Research in Management, Science Technology (E-ISSN: 2321-3264) Vol,3.